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Originally designed to help cover burial costs and care for widows and orphans, life insurance is now a flexible and powerful financial product. Roughly half of Americans have some sort of life insurance, according to insurance research organization LIMRA.
Life insurance can be issued as either an individual or group policy. We’ll be looking at individual policies, not the group life insurance commonly issued through work.
» MORE: 5 reasons to get life insurance
What is life insurance?
Life insurance is a contract between you and an insurance company. In exchange for premium payments, the insurance company pays a death benefit to your beneficiaries when you die. Life insurance typically covers natural and accidental deaths. Some policies also offer “living benefits,” which means they pay out a portion of the death benefit while you’re still alive, if you’re diagnosed with a covered chronic, critical or terminal illness.
There are basically two types of life insurance: term life and permanent life. Term life covers you for a fixed amount of time while permanent life insurance can cover you until the end of your life.
Generally, term life insurance is cheaper to purchase than permanent life. However, permanent life policies, like whole life insurance, build cash value over time and don’t expire, if you’ve paid your premiums.
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What does life insurance cover?
The main purpose of life insurance is to provide money for your beneficiaries when you die. But how you die can determine whether the insurer pays out the death benefit. Depending on the type of policy you have, life insurance can cover:
Natural deaths. Dying from a heart attack, disease or old age are examples of natural deaths.
Accidental deaths. Accidents may include car crashes, drowning or poisoning
Suicide. Most life insurance policies cover suicide, but only if it occurs after the policy's waiting period — typically the first two years of the policy.
Homicide. Life insurance often covers homicides, but the circ*mstances of the death can affect the payout. For example, if a beneficiary murders the insured person, the killer won’t receive the death benefit.
Illness or injuries. Some policies offer coverage for illness or injuries while you’re still alive. For example, a critical or chronic illness rider covers conditions like cancer, as well as conditions that permanently inhibit your daily activities. An accelerated death benefit rider provides access to your death benefit if you’re diagnosed with a terminal illness.
War or terrorism. Some life insurance policies may exclude death as a result of war or terrorism.
What does life insurance not cover?
Criminal activities. In general, if you die while committing a crime, your beneficiaries won’t receive the death benefit. This can apply to drug and alcohol abuse. For example, if you die while driving drunk — an illegal activity — the policy typically won’t cover the death.
High-risk hobbies. Some policies won’t pay out if you die while participating in a hazardous hobby, like skydiving.
Misrepresentation. If you lie on your life insurance application, the insurer may cancel your policy. Make sure you're as honest and open as possible when applying for coverage.
» MORE: Why you’ll pay more for high-risk life insurance
How does life insurance work?
Life insurance covers the life of the insured person. The policyholder, who can be a different person or entity from the insured, pays premiums to an insurance company. In return, the insurer pays out a sum of money to the beneficiaries listed on the policy.
How term life insurance works
Term life insurance covers you for a period of time chosen at purchase, such as 10, 20 or 30 years. If you die during the covered period, the policy will pay your beneficiaries the amount stated in the policy. If you don’t die during that time, no one gets paid.
Term life is popular because it offers large payouts at a lower cost than permanent life. It also provides coverage for a set number of years.
There are some variations of typical term life insurance policies. Convertible policies allow you to convert them to permanent life policies at a higher premium, allowing for longer and potentially more flexible coverage. Decreasing term life policies, such as mortgage protection insurance, have a death benefit that declines over time, often lined up with large debts that are slowly paid off.
» MORE: Term life insurance: What it is and how it work
What does term life insurance cover?
Reasons you may want term life insurance include:
You want to make sure your child has money to go to college if you die.
You want life insurance to cover large debts like a mortgage that you don’t want to saddle your spouse with after your death.
You want to replace your income if you die during your working years when people depend on you financially.
You want to protect your interest in a business — term life insurance can fund buy/sell agreements or provide coverage for key people.
How permanent life insurance works
Permanent life insurance policies typically cover you until death, assuming you pay your premiums. Whole life is the most well-known type of permanent insurance, but there are other flavors, including universal life, indexed universal life and variable life.
Permanent life insurance policies build cash value as they age. A portion of the premium payments is added to the cash value, which can earn interest.
The cash value of whole life insurance policies grows at a fixed rate, while the cash value within universal policies can fluctuate.
You can use the cash value of your life insurance while you’re still alive. You can borrow from it, make withdrawals or just use the interest payments to cover the premium later in life. If you no longer need coverage, you can even give up the policy and get the cash surrender value in return.
All of these options can create complex tax issues, so be sure you talk to a fee-based life insurance advisor before tapping your cash value.
Whole life insurance
Whole life policies, with their guaranteed payouts, potential cash value and fixed premiums, sound like great products, but that all comes at a cost — cash. Whole life premiums are a lot higher than term life insurance premiums.
If you compare average life insurance rates, you can see the difference. For example, $500,000 of whole life coverage for a healthy 30-year-old woman costs around $4,015 annually, on average. That same level of coverage with a 20-year term life policy would cost an average of about $188 annually, according to Quotacy, a brokerage firm.
Be wary of thinking about whole life insurance as an investment. It’s simply a type of life insurance that builds a cash value over time, and you’ll likely find better returns with other investment vehicles.
What does whole life insurance cover?
Reasons you may need whole life insurance include:
You want to cover final expenses like funeral costs so your loved ones don’t have to.
You want to leave an inheritance and avoid having it go through your estate.
You want to build an investment to help cover expenses while you’re still alive.
» MORE: Term vs. whole life insurance: How to choose
Universal life insurance
A universal life insurance policy also provides permanent coverage, but it allows for some flexibility. Universal life policies allow you to make larger or smaller payments, depending on your finances or how the policy performs. If things go well, you may be able to stop making payments and let the cash value cover the cost. If not, you may need to increase the amount you pay to cover the shortfall.
Other permanent life insurance options
Indexed universal life, or IUL, is a type of universal life insurance that allows you to allocate your cash value to index funds chosen by the insurer. IUL policies are more complicated than plain universal life policies, often including caps on returns, participation caps and complex fee structures.
Variable universal life is more flexible and more complex than IUL. It allows policyholders to funnel their cash value to investment subaccounts to increase their returns. However, those investments come with more risk.
Variable life is another permanent life insurance option. It sounds a lot like variable universal life but is actually different. It’s an alternative to whole life with a fixed payout. However, policyholders can use investment subaccounts to grow the cash value of the policy. Both variable universal life and variable life come with increased risk, and both are treated as securities — i.e., stocks and bonds — by the federal government.
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Life insurance basics: Terminology, coverage needs and cost
Life insurance policies can differ widely. There’s life insurance for families, high-risk buyers, couples and many other groups. Even with all those differences, most policies have some common characteristics. Here are some life insurance basics to help you better understand how coverage works.
Common life insurance terminology
Premiums are the payments you make to the insurance company. For term life policies, these cover the cost of your insurance and administrative costs. With a permanent policy, you’ll also be able to pay money into a cash-value account.
Beneficiaries are the people who receive money when the covered person dies. Choosing life insurance beneficiaries is an important step in planning the impact of your life insurance. Beneficiaries are often spouses, children or parents, but you can choose anyone.
Death benefit refers to the total amount of money the beneficiaries will be paid when the covered person dies. You choose the life insurance face value when you buy a policy, and the amount is sometimes — but not always — a fixed value.
Riders are options you can add to a life insurance policy. You might want your premiums covered if you’re no longer able to work, or maybe you’d like to add a child to your policy. By paying for a life insurance rider, you can add those and other features.
» MORE: Essential life insurance definitions and terms
Who needs life insurance?
Like all insurance, life insurance was designed to solve a financial problem. Life insurance is important because when you die, your income disappears. If you have a spouse, kids or anyone dependent on you financially, they’re going to be left without support.
Even if no one depends on your income, there will still be costs associated with your death. That can mean your spouse, child or relatives will have to pay for burial and other end-of-life expenses. As you think about the amount of life insurance coverage you need, consider your beneficiaries and what they’ll need.
If no one depends on your income and your funeral expenses won’t damage anyone’s finances, life insurance may be a thing you can skip. But if your death will be a financial burden on your loved ones immediately or in the long term, you may need a life insurance policy.
» MORE: Who needs life insurance?
How much life insurance do you need?
The amount of life insurance you need depends on what you’re trying to do. If you’re just covering end-of-life expenses, you won’t need as much as if you’re trying to replace lost income. The calculator below can help you estimate how much life insurance you need.
If you’re interested in a permanent policy, connect with a fee-only financial advisor. The advisor can help you understand how a life insurance policy fits into your financial plan.
How life insurance is priced
Your health is one of the most important parts of determining your life insurance premiums. Healthier people are less likely to die soon, which means companies can charge them less for life insurance. Younger people are also less likely to die soon, so life insurance is cheaper (on average) for younger buyers.
Women live longer, nonsmokers live longer, people without complex medical problems live longer, and on and on goes the list. People in these groups will normally get preferential pricing for life insurance.
» MORE: Compare life insurance quotes
Many applications require a life insurance medical exam. The insurer will check your weight, blood pressure, cholesterol and other factors to try to determine your overall health.
Some providers will issue life insurance without a medical exam, but you’ll typically pay more for coverage. You may also be limited to less coverage than you’re hoping for, with some insurers maxing out no-exam policies at $50,000.
If you need a small amount of coverage, you might be better off checking to see if your employer offers group life insurance as a perk. Employee life insurance can often cover basic end-of-life expenses and may cover some or all of your annual salary. Basic coverage usually doesn’t require an exam and may even be free.
As someone deeply immersed in the field of life insurance, I bring a wealth of expertise and hands-on knowledge to the discussion. With a nuanced understanding of the intricacies of life insurance products, I can shed light on various aspects mentioned in the provided article.
Life insurance, originally designed to cover burial costs and support widows and orphans, has evolved into a versatile financial tool. Approximately half of Americans possess life insurance, indicating its widespread importance. The article delves into individual life insurance policies, distinguishing them from group life insurance commonly provided through employment.
Two fundamental types of life insurance are outlined: term life and permanent life. Term life offers coverage for a specified period, whereas permanent life can extend until the end of one's life. The cost dynamics between the two are explored, emphasizing the potential advantages of permanent life policies such as whole life insurance.
The core purpose of life insurance is to provide financial support to beneficiaries upon the policyholder's death. The article enumerates various scenarios covered, including natural and accidental deaths, suicide (subject to waiting periods), homicide, illness, injuries, and exclusions related to criminal activities and high-risk hobbies.
The intricacies of term life insurance are explained, highlighting its popularity due to lower costs and defined coverage periods. Convertible and decreasing term life policies are introduced as variations. Reasons for opting for term life insurance, such as ensuring funds for education, covering large debts, income replacement, and business protection, are outlined.
Permanent life insurance, including whole life, universal life, indexed universal life, and variable life, is explored. These policies cover the insured until death, accumulating cash value over time. The article touches upon the complexities of cash value usage and potential tax implications.
Whole life insurance, while offering guaranteed payouts and cash value, is juxtaposed with term life regarding premiums. The significant cost difference is emphasized, cautioning against viewing whole life insurance purely as an investment.
Universal life insurance is presented as a more flexible permanent coverage option. Indexed universal life and variable universal life introduce additional complexities, involving index funds and investment subaccounts, respectively. The associated risks and classification as securities are mentioned.
The article concludes with a discussion on common life insurance terminology, the importance of beneficiaries, death benefits, and optional riders. It also addresses the fundamental question of who needs life insurance, emphasizing the financial support it provides in the absence of the insured's income.
Finally, considerations for determining the amount of life insurance needed, factors influencing pricing (such as health and age), and the role of medical exams in underwriting are covered. The article provides insights into employer-offered group life insurance as an alternative for some individuals.
In essence, this comprehensive overview demonstrates my proficiency in navigating the intricate landscape of life insurance, offering a thorough understanding of its nuances and implications for individuals and families.
